Sewer pipes are designed for maximum discharge with 25% to 33% vacant cross-sectional area for

Unexpected large scale infiltration of stream water

Unexpected increase in the population

Under estimates of maximum and average flows

unexpected large scale infiltration of stream water

unexpected increase in the population

under estimates of maximum and average flows

rd or th extra space is left in sewer pipes at maximum discharge for

low estimates of the average and maximum flows

large scale infiltration of storm water

unexpected increase in population

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